filtered oil of fish,
pork and beef
heated oil
filtered used oil
used oil
Abstract
The production of biodiesel is greatly increasing due to its environmental benefits. However, production costs are still rather high, compared to petroleum-based diesel fuel. The introduction of a solid heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production could reduce its price, becoming competitive with diesel also from a financial point of view. Therefore, great research efforts have been underway recently to find the right catalysts. This paper will be concerned with reviewing acid and basic heterogeneous catalyst performances for biodiesel production, examining both scientific and patent literature.
Chapter I
Background of the study
Transesterification of a vegetable oil and later be tested in car engines. During the engine is a manufactured and altered engine, to utilize the lower viscosity of petrodiesel of fossil fuel, rather than vegetable oil (biomass fuel).Petroleum industries were able to make inroads in fuel markets because their fuel was much cheaper to produce than biomass fuel alternatives. Some operational problems were reported due to the high viscosity of vegetable oils compared to petroleum diesel fuel, which result in poor production of the fuel.Attempts to overcome these problems included heating of vegetable oil, blending it with petroleum derived diesel fuel or ethanol, pyrolysis and cracking of oils. Most biodiesel production is produced using transesterification with methanol an again filled a patent for the same process. Standards ensure that the following important factors in the fuel production process are satisfied a complete reaction, removal of alcohol, absence of fatty acids and low sulfur content.
Statement of the study
This study tries to determine the potential of used oil, with different materials fried in them for biodiesel production. Specially, it will answer the following questions:
1. How do the yields of biodiesel from used oil differ considering the following factors?
a) The number of times the oil was used
b) Type of food materials. pork
2. How do the qualities of biodiesel produced from used oils that were utilized at varying times in cooking pork in terms of its:
a) acid value
b) phosphorous content
3. How and where will be the product- biodiesel be tested
a) Biodiesel be tested in car engines
b) This product will be tested through its feasibility as a biodiesel for car engines
Hypotheses
The production of biodiesel would be the most competitive product this economic crisis that we face this time.Along with our research and some discussions, the researchers able to compare some biodiesel to the commercial one and that would be discussed afterwards.This study made the few producers of biodiesel to switch to an alternative way on how to make a biodiesel in an inexpensive way.In that so, this production of diesel from used oil would help all the citizens to minimize the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and instead we will be able to control the heating up of the world.
Significance of the study
Biodiesel production from vegetable oil differ in the qualities of biodiesel produced from used oils that were utilized at varying times in cooking pork and how many times the oil was used. Biodiesel production helps our economy for a better production and cheaper products like biodiesel.Biomass fuel is a environment friendly product that lessen the CO2 carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Economic crisis may reduced due to production of alternative biomass fuel here in our country today and to our neighbor countries in the Southeast Asia.
Scope and limitations
Just like the bioethanol production there are many assumptions and limitations that should be taken into account. The problem of monoculture is discussed in the biodiesel scoop and limitations section and this is applicable to oil from pork.For reasons of monoculture, it is likely that pork oil would be helpful in biodiesel production, however if there are some standards the are not to be discussed. This is however a big assumptions and would test the feasibility and trials to be done and tests for their standards.
Chapter II
Review and Related Literature
This article is a literature review on biodiesel production, combustion, performance and emissions. As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world. Biodiesel is one of the best available sources to fulfill the energy demand of the world. More than 350 oil-bearing crops identified, among which some only considered as potential alternative fuels for diesel engines. The scientists and researchers conducted tests by using different oils and their blends with diesel.A vast majority of the scientists reported that short-term engine tests using vegetable oils as fuels were very promising but the long-term test results showed higher carbon built up and lubricating oil contamination resulting in engine failure. They concluded that vegetable oils, either chemically altered or blended with diesel to prevent the engine failure. It was reported that the combustion characteristics of biodiesel are similar as diesel and blends were found shorter ignition delay, higher ignition temperature, higher ignition pressure and peak heat release. The engine power output was found to be equivalent to that of diesel fuel. In addition, it observed that the base catalysts are more effective than acid catalysts and enzymes.
Chapter III
This study is experimental in nature. Here variables are kind of oil, frequency of usage, and type of food material were actually manipulated. The intention of manipulation was to find out what's their effect, maybe on the biodiesel quality.
Ingredients:
Mixture:
Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO)- used cooking oil;
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)- lye or caustic soda, dry only;
Methanol (CH3OH)- at least 99% pure;
Titration:
Isopropyl/Rubbing Alcohol -at least 99% pure;
Phenolphthalein Solution - kept out of the sunlight and no more than 1 year old;
Distilled Water;
Washing:
Water
Vinegar
Procedure:
1)Filter WVO to remove any food scraps or solid particles.
2)Heat WVO to remove any water content (optional
3)Perform titration to determine how much catalyst is need.
4)Prepare sodium methoxide.
5)Heat WVO, mix in the sodium methoxide while stirring.
6)Allow to settle, remove the glycerine.
7)Wash and dry.
8)Check quality.
There is one more thing included in the calculation. Every liter of vegetable oil needs 3.5 grams of lye for the reaction. So every liter of WVO to be transesterified add an additional 3.5 grams of lye.
Example: The titration determined that it took 2.4 milliliters to reach pH 8-9 and you'll be transesterifying 150 liters of oil.2.4 grams times 150 liters equals 360 grams of lyePlus 3.5 grams times 150 liters equals 525 grams lyeSo, 360+525=885 grams of lye
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Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
In this chapter, tries to determine if our biodiesel is ready to used and testing effectivity is working on the several tests by the researcher.
Types of engine Several tests Biodiesel from used cooking oil
a)motor Completion of rxn 25 ml of biodiesel were put in 225 mL of methano
b)car Specific gravity trying to see if our biodiesel still contains water
c)jeepney Clarity shows the viscosity of the oil and biodiesel reaction
d)chainsaw pH shows value to 7, biodiesel rxn is completed
After biodiesel was produced it was not used immediately, it was passed through several tests since it is the only way to determine if our biodiesel id ready to be used.1 liter of waste cooking oil (WCO) is 750 ml produced approximately 60% of WCO into renewable fuel.According to the table, it shows the several tests to produced biodiesel from used oil into a renewable source of fuel. The effectivity is stated by a tested engines, 1500 mL of biodiesel or 2 L of WCO were put in each engine to test and see its effectivity.Since the result during the days of testing, to come up with a good or maybe very good results and it is stated above.About 60% of WCO waste cooking oil is produced, 1L of WCO is 750 mL is produced into renewable fuel. So, to come up with much larger volume of biodiesel, it will need larger volume of waste cooking oil.
Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to thank Mike Pelly's biodiesel method for providing various information about the production of biodiesel.
Definition of Terms
Biodiesel - refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl .
Transesterification - is the process of exchanging the alcohol group of an ester compound with another alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base.
Viscosity - is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear
stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness".
Bibliography
[1] Mike Pelly's, E.H., Mounts, T.L.. ''Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils''.
[2] Papayannakos N.. ''Kinetics of the non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil''. Fuel Vol. 77 n. 12, (1998). 1297-1302.
[3] ''Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of glycerol as competing eaction pathways in near- and supercritical water''. Journal of Supercritical Fluids n. 22, (2002). 37-53.
[4] ''Value-added Utilization of Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Production: A Survey of Current Research Activities''. An ASABE Meeting Presentation, (2006). Paper Number: 066223.
[5] ''Glycerol as a Source for Fuels and Chemicals by Low- Temperature Catalytic Processing''.
